Maharashtra has a rich history of pastoral traditions. For centuries, shepherds moved freely across lands to graze their sheep. This movement was supported by the local government and was an important part of their culture. However, a new study by Rushikesh Gawade, a PhD researcher at IIT Bombay, shows that colonial land reforms have erased these traditional grazing routes.
Gawade presented his research at the 20th biennial conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons. His findings reveal how the British colonial rule affected the grazing practices of nomadic shepherds in Maharashtra. The British introduced land reforms that dismantled the community-managed grazing systems that had existed for centuries.
Before colonial rule, shepherds in Maharashtra followed a system called Mendrachi Vancharai. This system allowed them to graze their sheep across vast tracts of land, including uncultivated land and forests. Under this system, shepherds paid fees to use these shared pastures. The pastures were not marked by borders but by natural features, such as riverbanks.
However, British officials viewed this system as “inconvenient” for administration. They believed it was difficult to control the movement of wandering shepherds. In 1865, the British enacted the Survey and Settlement Act. This act legally recognised village grazing lands but restricted them to fixed village limits. As a result, the free movement of shepherds between districts became illegal.
Gawade explained, “What’s striking is how a system that once enabled mobility was gradually replaced by one that rendered it illegitimate.” The shift from a flexible grazing system to a rigid bureaucratic control has had a lasting impact on pastoral livelihoods in Maharashtra.
Today, many nomadic shepherds struggle to find adequate grazing land for their flocks. The disconnection from traditional grazing routes has affected their livelihoods and cultural practices. They are now advocating for the recognition of state-wide grazing corridors to support their way of life.
The research highlights the importance of understanding the historical context of land use. It raises questions about land rights and the governance of commons in contemporary Maharashtra. The loss of traditional grazing routes not only impacts shepherds’ livelihoods but also affects biodiversity and ecosystem health.
As this issue gains attention, it is crucial to consider policies that support the rights of nomadic shepherds. Recognising their historical grazing routes could help restore their cultural identity and improve their economic conditions. Gawade’s research serves as a reminder of how colonial policies have long-lasting effects on local communities and their relationship with the land.
In conclusion, the study sheds light on the need for modern policies that respect historical practices while promoting sustainable land use. Supporting nomadic pastoralism can lead to better ecological outcomes and a richer cultural heritage in Maharashtra. As discussions continue, it is vital to involve local communities in decision-making processes that affect their lands and livelihoods.