India is making significant strides in gene editing (GE) technology, aiming to improve crops and tackle challenges like climate change. The government has actively supported GE research and development over the past few years. This push has led to the release of two gene-edited rice varieties, DRR Rice 100 and Pusa DST Rice 1. These are improved versions of existing rice types, created through precise changes to their own genes.
Scientists are now working on developing GE varieties for other important crops. For instance, a new variety of mustard that is resistant to pests and fungal diseases is expected to be ready next year after successful trials. This advancement is part of a broader effort to create climate-resilient crops.
The journey of GE technology in India has not been without challenges. Some groups, including those linked to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), have raised concerns. They worry that GE crops might pose health or environmental risks, similar to earlier concerns about genetically modified organism (GMO) crops. Ashwani Mahajan, a leader from the Swadeshi Jagran Manch, an RSS-affiliated group, has called for clear public communication and strict safety checks for new GE varieties. He stated that while they have opposed GM crops, GE is new and requires more study.
Despite these concerns, the government seems determined to move forward. Gene editing experiments began in 2018, and the 2023-24 Union Budget allocated ₹500 crore for GE research. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) is focusing on improving traits like disease resistance, yield, and drought tolerance in major crops. Researchers are identifying and editing specific genes within the plants’ own DNA.
Genome editing is different from traditional genetic modification. GE involves making small, precise changes to a plant’s existing genes. It does not introduce genes from other organisms. In contrast, GM crops involve inserting foreign DNA, such as Bt cotton, which was developed by adding genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Because GE does not introduce foreign DNA, it is often considered safer and more environmentally friendly than GM technology.
Experts explain that GE uses tools like CRISPR-Cas, which act like molecular scissors to edit DNA. This process is likened to editing a photograph to enhance its features. The new GE rice varieties were developed using this precise editing method. India’s biosafety regulations now allow for certain types of GE methods, like SDN 1 and SDN 2, for general crops.
However, some organisations, like the Coalition of GM-free India, argue that GE is still a form of genetic modification and that the current regulations are not strict enough. They claim that deregulation of certain GE techniques might lead to the unintentional inclusion of foreign genetic material without adequate safety testing.
Another concern comes from farmer groups like the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (BKS), also affiliated with the RSS. They fear that GE technology could threaten traditional Indian seed varieties. They argue that such crops are not needed and could be harmful to farmers.
Government officials have clarified that GE crops are still under scrutiny. While the testing might not be as extensive as for GM crops, institutional biosafety committees monitor GE crops to ensure no foreign DNA is introduced.
Beyond agriculture, GE technology is also making advancements in healthcare. The CSIR–Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB) has developed India’s first indigenous CRISPR-based gene therapy for sickle cell disease, named BIRSA 101. This therapy aims to provide a more affordable treatment for inherited blood disorders. IGIB has partnered with the Serum Institute of India to make these gene therapies accessible and cost-effective.
This dual focus on agricultural and medical applications highlights India’s commitment to harnessing the potential of gene editing technology for national development, even as it navigates internal debates and ethical considerations.